Globalizing and localizing factors OR Uppsala model of firm Essay

Globalizing and confining elements OR Uppsala model of firm internationalization - Essay Example Added to that the buying power stunned the whole gang and Multinationals of all tints went quick to get a slice of the pie. It has been found out that the two India and China are very comparative and are examining comparative progression strategies. Socially too there is fondness and along these lines putting resources into China will be an insightful move. Advancement of the economy and a twisted towards industrialization in a rush offered tremendous open doors for development. Starting at now upwards of 320,000 remote endeavors have come up on terrain China, and they are developing constantly. China is the second biggest beneficiary of Foreign Direct Investments that have crossed 400 billion dollars. Ventures have rolled in from all quarters of the world, mostly from the USA. It would be reasonable for us to exploit the circumstance and make a move in the Chinese market currently by setting up an assembling unit in one of the SEZ’s as a FIE. As a developing piece of clothing exporter to the world with a repeal turnover of over Rs 5000 crores, proportionate to $ 1.25 billion the Pearl Group of India is confronted with a difficulty of rivalry from China. With the beginning of a share free system US and European nations are allowed to purchase their prerequisites from any nation of the world and China as a wellspring of modest work just as because of its compelling control on the Yuan has risen as a solid contender against fare of Indian articles of clothing. As the organization intends to add to assembling ability to fulfill developing need, it is effectively considering changing over this danger into a chance. There are 2 alternatives. First Option is to add to limit in India. Subsequent choice is to set up an assembling unit in one of China’s extraordinary financial zones and make it another sending out center point exploiting their work and cash factors. In the past China followed a remote trade arrangement like India. Exporters were required to give up 100% of their remote acquiring to the Central Bank and couldn't utilize this

Capital Asset Pricing Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Capital Asset Pricing Model - Essay Example In many business, dangers are regularly connected with each adventure that elements share. Intelligently, every undertaking can be influenced by a few stressors and will result to uncertain figures. Without a doubt, firms are unconscious of the specific advantages that a venture in spite of the gauges gave by monetary examiners. In deciding the arrival that ventures will probably give, associations utilize incomes. Contrasting the money the streamed out from the venture to the money that streamed in light of the speculation has all the earmarks of being a close to precise methodology that outcomes to better comprehension of venture returns. Fundamentally, there are sure devices and instruments utilized by firms to legitimize the utilization of incomes. Specifically, limited multi-period dangerous incomes are utilized to decide benefits originating from ventures. In like manner, the capital resource estimating model is one choice that most monetary investigators like. The succeeding conversations will handle on the utilization of capital resource evaluating model as reason for limited multi-period hazardous incomes. The predominance of speculations has prompted a few thoughts especially as an afterthought indicating benefits credited to such exercises. For financial specialists, it is essential to decide the specific sum that will be picked up from the venture. Basically, there were a few strategies created to address this need. Taggart (1999) made capital planning investigation model that utilizes the limited income. As needs be, this model empowers financial specialists to estimate the estimations of income segments. Among the models, this is considered as broadly utilized in view of the apparent accuracy. Another valuable model was created by Mahoney and Kelliher (1999), which centers around the capital planning model that coordinates vulnerability in the income gauges. Utilizing the Monte Carlo reenactment, the model can fill in as a down to earth and valuable instrument. The model, be that as it may, is installed with more elevated level of unpredictability that can influence capital planning choices. In addition, Winston (1998) conceived a model for multi-period capital planning utilizing Silver Tool, which is an application in Excel. The model gives a few preferences including choice of the best task thinking about all limitations and conditions. Beside the referenced models, Ragsdale (2001) outlined a model that utilizes Solver to decide ideal blend of capital planning speculations as influenced by capital requirements and augmenting the Net Present Value. In this procedure, ideal determination of venture is found out considering fundamental dangers that incorporate the likelihood of achievement of least and most extreme incomes with different viewpoints recently referenced. Information tables, as appeared by Benninga (2000) can be utilized in capital planning examination. The procedure includes registering for the point gauge of NPV, and the NPV is determined utilizing foreordained development rates. The outcomes are helpful in assessing the danger of the venture with the given NPV ranges. Strangely, Mayes and Shank (2001) concentrated on the utilization of various applications for capital planning investigation. This includes the cooperation of the models introduced before in this conversation. Some portion of their model was to join hazard balanced rebate rates and Monte Carlo reenactment to assess venture dangers. As indicated by Fama (1970), multi-period speculation utilization can be related with a person's

Book Riots Deals of the Day for May 23rd, 2017

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Buddhism A New Way Of Life Without Materialistic Needs...

In the universe there s a galaxy, and on this galaxy there s the solar system, and in this solar system there is a planet earth, and in this planet earth lives 7 billion people. We are all the same, but divided by key things; oceans and mountains, culture and society, but most important religions and beliefs. Out of the hundreds of practices and beliefs that make part of planet earth one of the most interesting form of religious practice is Buddhism. Buddhism is the practice of finding peace within one s self by developing inner peace, wisdom and kindness. This practice dates back 2,500 years, and the founder is known as Buddha Shakyamuni. He was born a royal prince in a town called Lumbini; originally part of northern India but now makes part of Nepal. When Buddha was 29 years old, he retired from his royal life and left to the woods to follow the spiritual life of meditation. He found a new way of life without materialistic needs by finding inner enlightenment. Buddha teaches how t o get liberation from suffering from oneself, and how to attain enlightenment for the sake of others; his main goal was to give people permanent liberation from suffering by helping them find lasting peace or nirvana. The Buddhist culture believes that all of our problems are caused by a confused and negative state of mind, but all good fortune and happiness comes from a positive state of mind. Buddhism is meant to teach the human mind how to overcome negative minds like ignorance, anger,Show MoreRelatedThe Growth Of Technology And Consumerism1528 Words   |  7 Pagescreates an extremely materialistic society, where people feel they must ‘keep up with the Jones’. This leads to criminal activity such as muggings, theft, and breaking and entering all to obtain material items. According the Won-Buddhism website â€Å"in contemporary society, where material civilization is rapidly advancing and dominates people s minds, materialism and consumerism make people driven, com petitive and nervous.† Through background research and my experience of Won-Buddhism, I have found thatRead MoreSimilarities Between Buddhism And Hinduism1404 Words   |  6 Pages Buddhism and Hinduism are closely related when comparing the two. Buddhism was created based on the ideologies of Hinduism. There differences on their views with the idea of self and transmigration. They compare with one another with the problems of having senses, desires and anger. Hinduism believes in everything being unified together as one ultimate reality, which is Brahman. Brahman is the truth of all. Atman is considered as the true and pure self. Atman and Brahman are identical with oneRead MoreIndi Challenging Indian Religious Authority1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn short, it is a journey of a Brahmin s son Siddhartha- transitioning from spiritual to materialistic and back to the spiritual world to attain self-realization, authenticity, and spirituality. The novel s setting takes place in ancient India, during the period of the Gautama Buddha (The Sublime One). Below, I will show how Siddhartha’s story legitimates Hinduism, but challenges both Hinduism and Buddhism. According to Siddhartha neither Brahmins, Samanas nor Buddha can teach how to attain NirvanaRead MoreBuddhism And Its Impact On Society Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pagesis Buddhism. Buddhism is the practice of finding peace within ones self by developing inner peace, wisdom and kindness. This practice dates back 2,500 years, and the founder is known as Buddha Shakyamuni. He was born a royal prince in a town called Lumbini; originally part of northern India but now makes part of Nepal. When Buddha was 29 years old, he retired form his royal life and left to the woods to fallow the spiritual life of meditation. He found a new way of life without materialistic needsRead MoreHow Is Buddhism Different From Christianity?1683 Words   |  7 PagesHow is Buddhism different from Christianity? There are several different types of religion throughout the world. Many of us take on the religion of the house hold in which we grew up. Lots of time we maintain that religion through our adult lives and even pass it on to our kids without researching or even attending any other religious service or event. For most people, once a denomination is chosen they believe it to be the only religion that is true and all others are fake or untrue. TheRead MoreWhy People Should Work Together1208 Words   |  5 Pagesother†. (Liette) She does work in a notorious neighborhood in Chicago and deals with youth using restorative justice, or making youth accountable without having them placed in the criminal justice system. She puts the gospel values into action when she works with the community. One of the tools that is used is the circle which is story telling in a way. An example of when this was put into use and worked was when a youth was caught after breaking into a police officer ’s home. The circle time provedRead MoreMy Favorite Food Brings Me Comfort And Satisfaction2027 Words   |  9 Pagesresponses in people† (15). These experiences help create feelings, which then help people better interact with their world. This interaction can be portrayed in Buddhism. Buddhism serves as a hope and an escape from the harsh realities of the world through the aspects of Buddha’s teachings, Mara temptation, and enlightenment. Buddhism is a combination of interactions with the sacred, one of the main human interactions is done by following the Buddha. â€Å"To follow the Buddha means to be like him†Read MoreA Brief Note On The Japanese Religion Of Shintoism1446 Words   |  6 PagesDocumentary Questions: 1. People tended to worship nature gods such as spirits of the earth, sky and river. As the human communities matured and developed, local, tribal and ancestral spirits became the center of focus in their beliefs and religious life. This leads to inferring that people did not understand natural phenomena and thought it was a punishment for their behavior from the deities. People thought natural phenomena was able to change based on their relationships with the deities. 2. PeopleRead MoreThe Existence Of Religion And Spirituality Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent religion. The surviving art documents and ideological evolution in human consciousness: People saw themselves in a new relationship to the environment and to other living species. Human, mostly female, representation was growing in importance; the male was still generally confined to a zoomorphic form (Gadon, 25). People lived peacefully with the earth and coexisted without causing great harm to nature. Humans hunted when they needed to eat and used all the animal had to offer. Sadly, howeverRead MoreThe Nature Of The Universe Balance2033 Words   |  9 Pageson â€Å"All there is with no thinking† and had a chill down my spine. Since little, I learnt that everything has its nature and force of flow. We need to respect the forces and the nature without purposively altering the force. We accept things are just at it is, it has its nature. These are from the idea of Taoism, â₠¬Å"Wu Wei†. It does not mean that we do not need to think before an action, instead, we do not put exaggerated and forceful energy to make something to flow. I also, believe the existence and

Selzers Essay Abortion - 912 Words

How is Selzez a Philosopher, as well as, a Doctor? Abortion is a tremendous issue in our society today. As well as the article â€Å"Abortion† by Selzer, I have also read Mortal Lessons, a book he had also written. Selzer is an author who wrote in order to describe â€Å"unsparingly the surgeon’s art, opening up the body to view one part at a time.† The article â€Å"Abortion† classifies him as a doctor, but the way in which he writes makes him a philosopher as well. Selzer not only writes about the physical aspects of surgery, but also the emotional and psychological sides that agree with it. In the essay â€Å"Abortion†, Selzer took presence during an abortion procedure: â€Å"I am present because I asked to be present. I wanted to see what I have never seen†¦show more content†¦This is one way that I think is acceptable to have an abortion. To have an abortion because you are not responsible enough to use protection, that is you own ignorance. You should be mature enough to handle your own responsibility. It is not the fault of the fetus you are killing that should have to pay for your ignorance. Not only are you killing a living being, you are also effecting your own body as well. I have a friend, 21, that has already had four abortions. She does not use any form of birth control. She told me, â€Å"It doesn’t feel good when using a condom.† I told her there are other forms of birth control out there, such as the birth control pill. No, it is not a hundred percent accurate, but it is much better than having unprotected sex the way she doe s. She then answered me by telling me that she has tried but would always forget to take it. This, to me, is a form of irresponsibility. After having the last abortion, she called me up crying. She said that the doctor told her it is not healthy to have more than two abortions and by her having four already, he can predict one of two things. Either she will not be able to have children at all in the future or she will have complications becoming pregnant because of her weak uterus not being able to hold the baby. This may cause the death of the child as well as her life while having the baby. Maybe it was the way my family raised me when I was a childShow MoreRelated`` What I Saw At The Abortion ``875 Words   |  4 Pages　　　　In his essay, â€Å"What I Saw at the Abortion,† Richard Selzer a surgeon and author, writes about his experience witnessing an abortion for the first time. Before he begins to recount his experience, he gives us some background information to explain that he is writing this experience from the perspective of someone that is neither for nor against abortion, and also has no religious standpoint regarding abortion. This information is insightful as we get an opportunity to understand abortion from an

Role of the HR Professional Free Essays

No matter the breadth or the depth of an organization, it will always have the inherent need for human resources. It is safe to say that without manpower, no organization in the world would exist. Recognizing not only the need for people, but more importantly, the need for skilled, efficient and loyal employees has been a key turning point in defining the role of the HR professional. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of the HR Professional or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the â€Å"people people† or organizations, today†s HR professionals work in a wide variety of capacities as mediators, mentors, job analysts, and career planners – to name a few. However, perhaps some of the most important and challenging functions of HR professionals are directly related to the recruitment, selection, training, and appraisal of the organization†s employees (or potential employees as the case may be). It is up to HR manager or management team to create processes and methodologies in recruiting, training, and appraising its staff in such a way that it is congruent with the values, vision and culture of the organization. This can be an enormous challenge – especially in today†s business world where companies are constantly acquiring and merging together forming whole new identities at an exponential rate. In dealing with the ambiguity of the corporate world HR professionals realize that it is not singular performance of each and every HR function that will assure the best human resources for their organizations, it is the alignment and integration of all of the HR functions that create an environment that empowers and encourages employee growth, competency, and loyalty. There are two main components of the staffing function, which are the recruitment and selection of potential employees. Recruitment, which involves all actions in attracting applicants from both inside and outside the organization, is one of the most pivotal roles of the HR professional. The bottom line in the recruiting effort is to attract the most qualified applicants for the needed positions by communicating the qualifications needed in order to fulfill the position. With a constant cycle of mergers and acquisitions occurring around the globe involving some of the world†s most monolithic organizations, the role of recruiter has changed vastly over the past few years. Because organizations are finding themselves more and more saturated with talented and highly competent employees, they are looking to fulfill vacant positions within the organization. This is also a very logical approach because existing employees are already well oriented with the policies and culture of the organization and do not need to undergo the orientation that an â€Å"external hire† would require. In contrast, recruiters have also had to become much more creative and ultimately aggressive in recruiting potential applicants externally. With the introduction of the World Wide Web and the increase in competitiveness among universities, colleges and other post-secondary institutions, graduates are entering the business world with more knowledge, skills and insight than ever before, making them desirable assets to many organizations. With the increase in popularity of job fairs, co-op programs and web-based career centers, recruiters are now equipped with the resources they need to seek out and entice the most qualified of applicants. At the same time, graduates and other people seeking employment have become empowered to seek out their most desirable positions, and are challenging recruiters with a much more proactive and aggressive approach themselves. Once the recruiter has aptly performed the function of attracting qualified applicants, they then assume the role of â€Å"selector†. In this capacity, it is up to the HR professional to select the best possible applicants to fill the positions that are needed. Usually the selection process involves the consideration of three types of information: 1. Education, Work Experience and Background History 2. KSAO†s – Ability, Performance, Personality, Honesty/Integrity 3. Medical Condition or similar considerations – physical and psychological health The selection process also usually involves, the initial sharing of information, filling out and application, initial interview, the administration of any tests, a final interview (or secondary interview with potential colleagues), reference checks, and then the final selection is made. Although the selection process varies in different organizations, the underlying framework is usually the same. Throughout the entire recruiting and selection processes, the HR professional must also use their intuition and consider the applicant using less â€Å"tangible† measurement methods, such as observing their mannerisms, understanding the applicants† personal values and beliefs and what their extra-curricular interests are. Although an applicant is judged more on his or her qualifications and skills, as a â€Å"selector†, it is important for the HR professional to select someone whose values and beliefs are congruent with the company and who they feel would best â€Å"fit† within the culture of the organization. If an HR professional is able to use their intuition and â€Å"people skills† effectively in attracting and selecting applicants, they are ultimately integrating and aligning their â€Å"staffing† role with their successive role as a trainer, which follows once a successful applicant has been selected. The health of any organization depends on the development of its people. If indeed the greatest asset is its human resources, then it is even more vital that the organization allow for its HR professionals to invest time and energy into this vital planning function. As was stated earlier, the success of the HR professional in being an effective recruiter and selector is key in ultimately determining their success as a trainer, and the employees† success in becoming well-oriented with the philosophy, policies, procedures, and culture of the organization. When planning how best to train new and existing employees, HR professionals should always be sure to address both immediate and long-range goals, behaviours and skills. However, more often than not, just like anyone else, HR people cannot always assume or pretend to know what would best work for everyone, so it is critical that before planning out the training process, they must conduct a thorough needs assessment. This can be done through many ways such as the administration of questionnaires and surveys to determine employee needs and expectations, observation of job functions and the organization as a whole, and other methods of qualitative information gathering. Once a training plan has been established, the entire process by which people learn what is expected of them in their new roles in the organization is socialization. This process, not unlike many other HR processes, has multiple stages such as: Entry/Anticipatory Socialization, Socialization/Accommodation, and Mutual Acceptance. It is important for HR professionals to recognize and encourage the full development of the new employee through all of these stages. Throughout the orientation and training of new (or old) employees, it is also important for an HR professional to conduct a training and development assessment. A thorough assessment would include an analysis of the training needs as well as the development needs over the next few years. Training needs should be based on immediate needs for changes in behaviour, where as the long-range development goals should be based on the acquisition of knowledge and skills to be used now and in the future. Positioning employee training to focus on short and long term development helps HR professionals to look â€Å"down the road† and address how they can help their employees meet challenges, create change and ensure the overall health of the organization. In using this futuristic approach, an imperative strategic alignment is built to integrate employee training and development, with that of employee performance management. Once employees have gone through all of the processes or socialization and have become well-oriented with how the organization functions on all levels, it is at this time that the HR professional takes on yet another role as that of performance measurer and manager. There are two primary reasons for performance management: 1. Administrative: includes promotional consideration, dismissal consideration, compensation, benchmarking and the ability to manage performance at all levels 2. Developmental: includes the ability to provide feedback, assessing training needs, encouraging external and internal motivation, and analysis current job design Historically, the only people directly involved in the appraisal of an employee†s performance were the employee and their immediate supervisor. However, as the practice of HR evolves, so have many of its functions, especially in the area performance appraisal. Today, more and more organizations are adopting the practice of â€Å"360 degree feedback† in evaluating their employees† performances. This method involves not only the boss and the employee, but also the employee†s peers, subordinates, and clients. ‘This relatively new practice facilitates a much more well-rounded and thorough evaluation of the employees performance and has been proven to be much more useful in assessing the employees developmental needs and areas for improvement. However, like any major practice, the â€Å"360 degree feedback† method is not without it complications. Allowing this type of participation in performance appraisal can cause such problems as: the â€Å"Halo Effect†, central tendency, overt leniency or strictness, and biased appraisals. In recognizing these common appraisal problems, it can be said that the ends still justify the means in this case. As long as appraisals are designed to be relevant to the job, sensitive, reliable, fair, and practical, employees receive a much better picture of how they are doing in their jobs and where they can improve. It is my opinion that the strategic integration of the HR functions that have been discussed in this paper such as staffing, training, and performance management are not aligned in the sense of a linear relationship. In my mind, they are linked cyclically, with each function being a continuation of the previous function. For example, once a performance appraisal has been conducted, it is at this time that a training needs assessment is also conducted, allowing all parties involved to gain a better understanding of the areas in which improvement is needed. In turn, this would be where the HR professional would take on the role of trainer and facilitate the further development of the employee. It can also be seen that performance appraisals are also very helpful within the recruitment and selection role in aiding the HR professional to gain a better understanding of the qualifications and behaviours that are essential in seeking out potential candidates and choosing the best one for the job. Writing this paper and taking closer look at these specific HR functions has helped me to gain a better understanding of the many roles that the HR professional has to assume at any given time. It has also given me a greater appreciation for the underlying connectivity between all of the HR functions and how strongly they are linked. How to cite Role of the HR Professional, Essay examples

Sabbath Roots the African Connection Essay Example

Sabbath Roots the African Connection Paper Sabbath Roots. By Charles E Bradford. (Barre: Ministerial Association of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 1990. Pp. 234. Acknowledgements, foreword, introduction, overview, works cited. $14. 95 paper) The purpose of the book â€Å"Sabbath Roots† is to show the tracings that led back to the seventh day being the sacred and holy day of rest in Africa. The book also dwells on the fact that Africa was an initial place of where Sabbath was founded. This book displays about many countries in Africa but emphasizes on Ethiopia. Ethiopia, it was the first  Christian nation and was also a Sabbath keeping nation. It also has the distinction of being the only African nation that never  assimilated to European colonialism. Ethiopia alone withstood the  persistent attempts of the European church’s assault to eliminate the Sabbath from Africa. Today, the numbers of Sabbath-keepers are exploding in Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Gabon, and Congo. Even though there was corruption going on around them they still stood their grounds in believing the seventh day was the holy day of worship. The African  connection shows the historical roots of the Sabbath in Africa and it’s  prevalence on the African continent. The book also states that Christian Africans had preserved the  Sabbath for more than 2000 years, long before the existence of Islam. The book discussed the time in Africa when Sabbath observers both Jew and Christian found shelter  in Africa because of the Roman persecution of the Jews and Sabbath keeping  Christians in Europe. The Roman emperor Constantine had succeeded in establishing Sunday  as a legal holiday in the lands and nations controlled by Rome. We will write a custom essay sample on Sabbath Roots the African Connection specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sabbath Roots the African Connection specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sabbath Roots the African Connection specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Those rules luckily did not extend to Central Africa. Sabbath Roots also stems as far back as Queen Sheba when she questioned the Sabbath keeping of the empire and wanted to know more about it when she was involved with King Solomon. Sabbath Roots talks about the Curse of Ham on page 69 when Noah was making his living breeding animals and taking care of a vineyard. He drank wine and got so drunk that he lay down in his tent without any clothes on. Noahs son Ham walked into his fathers tent and saw him naked. Then he ent to tell his brothers, Shem and Japheth. Shem and Japheth got some clothing and held it between them and walked backwards into their fathers tent, so that they could cover him up without looking at him. When Noah sobered up, he remembered that Ham had seen him naked. He was so mad that he cursed Hams son, Canaan, and made him and his descendants slaves until the end of time. He blessed Shem and Japheth for their actions, and made it clear to them that Canaan was their slave forever. Cush, Ham’s oldest son represents the African tribes known as Ethiopians. Canaan  normally represents the land of Palestine and Phoenicia, the Old Testament, uses the term for inhabitants of the area in a general sense. These many tribes are in some way related to Canaan, and are called Canaanites. So Ham is the ancestor of all these people from Phoenicia through Palestine and Egypt to Africa. It is an unjustified leap of logic to reassign Noah’s curse away from Canaan to Ham or Cush, his black â€Å"Ethiopian† brother. The notion that Ham himself was black, originated in later rabbinical folklore. It is without Scriptural foundation. Therefore expositors determined that the reputed  curse of Ham  is not on  Ham, but on  Canaan, one of Ham’s sons. Bradford also discusses how they try to make it a racial issue. Bradford does a great job showing how African Christians are heartfelt and hearty in their beliefs. These Christians already struggle in the lands they live in; yet, the Sabbath communities are very united and strong. Sabbath keeping in Africa has a rich history. There is old history and new. The interesting area is that of the Ethiopian Sabbath keepers who were constantly persecuted. From the early church starting with the Ethiopian Eunich whereas today with the many Adventist, Church of God groups, and Sabbath keepers have a heart and desire to keep that day in spite of hardship. Bradford also reveals that there are more Sabbath keepers on the continent of  Africa than on any continent on the globe. There are over 20 million  Sabbath keepers in Africa. Sabbath consciousness is increasing among God  people in Africa and in the African Diaspora. Africa is reaffirming her  covenant relationship to her God according to the prophecy: â€Å"Princes shall  come out of Mizraim (Egypt); Cush (Ethiopia) shall soon stretch out her hands  unto God. (Psalms 68:31). The only conflict with the book is that these Africans were Sabbath keepers had a great deal in common with the Seventh day Adventist religion but they also had a lot in common with the Jews. Also with their being no form of organization with in the barriers of the â€Å"church† or â€Å"religion,† how can we be so sure that it is the same religion as the Seventh Day Adventist church. The Ethiopians were strong believers in Sabbath keeping and also they sanctified the Sabbath has its similarities to the Adventist church. Although the church was raised off of Western European traits that contradicts some services held by the church in Africa. For example, when they have new converts they dance and sing welcoming them into church family through celebration. There may be a slight possibility that the church has lost its sight because of western European characteristics where the church focuses much more on control, organization and discipline, a conservative- style church. Those are also the same churches that are crumbling as time passes. Dr. Bradford reveals that there are more Sabbath keepers on the continent of  Africa than on any continent on the globe. There are over 20 million  Sabbath keepers in Africa. Sabbath consciousness is increasing among God’s people in Africa. This book also challenges the churches to take a different outlook to find a way to break from conservatism and be more welcoming and understanding to others. Aftyn S. Knight Sabbath Roots HI 104-01 November 18, 2011 Oakwood University Dr. Samuel London